A Raisin in the Sun vs. Julius Caesar - 2295 Words

Kyla Beecher Ms. Hilliard English 2 Honors 4 January 2013 Traditional vs. Modern Drama In William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar and Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun themes, symbols, and characters can be compared. Both A Raisin in the Sun and Julius Caesar were written for the stage; therefore their characters become more obvious and more thoroughly portrayed than in a book, for example. Even though, these works were written by far different authors and in different centuries their similarities and differences are evident. In both A Raisin in the Sun and Julius Caesar themes, symbols, and character development are consistent. Comparing character development in Julius Caesar and A Raisin in the Sun is beneficial in learning more†¦show more content†¦In Raisin in the Sun, Mama’s plant represents her dreams and the rest of her family’s dreams. A result of this would be Mama always making sure to take extra care of her plant and to nourish it well. On the other hand, Mama’s check represents all of the hard work that her husband achieved and how hard he had to work to actually obtain that amount of money. Beneatha’s hair symbolizes the assimilationist beliefs of the time and how people become inferior to the dominant race. When Beneatha returns her hair to its natural state it symbolizes that she is against common assimilation beliefs. The symbolism of her hair is evident in a conversation between her and Asagai, â€Å"’(Coming to her at the mirror) I shall have to teach you how to drape it properly. (He flings the material about her for the moment and stands back t o look at her) Ah—Oh-pay-gay-day, oh-gaha-mu-shay. (A Yoruba exclamation for admiration) You wear it well†¦very well†¦mutilated hair and all.’ ‘(Turning suddenly) My hair—what’s wrong with my hair?’ ‘(Shrugging) Were you born with it like that?’ ‘(Reaching up to touch it) No†¦of course not. (She looks back to the mirror, disturbed)’ ‘(Smiling) How then?’ ‘You know perfectly well how†¦as crinkly as yours†¦that’s how’† (Hansberry 61-62). The symbols used in Julius Caesar are omens, pain, and the conspirators bathing in Caesar’s blood. In Julius Caesar, omens symbolize evil and warn people against evil and bad things that could happen,

Cultural Identity In Alice Walkers My Mother Pieced Quilts

Alice Walker, a famous author, stated in her short story, Everyday Use, â€Å"Dee (Wangero) looked at me with hatred. â€Å"You just will not understand. The point is these quilts, these quilts.† Each person’s identity is shaped from a culture that is built with the offering of everything in his or her surrounding environment. Culture is one of the most important factors, though there are many other contributing factors, that can influence someone’s perspective on the world because all of their opinions, decisions, and morals are all based off of their surrounding environment. In the poem and story, â€Å"My Mother Pieced Quilts† and Everyday Use, they both demonstrate how one’s cultural identity is influenced by his or her surroundings, changing the†¦show more content†¦Another piece of the literature that has similar attributes to the is the poem â€Å"My Mother Pieced Quilts.† The poem uses a mother’s handmade quilt to a ccess and explore the poet’s childhood memories. Like how a quilt is made, the poem pieces together memories in order to show the reader a complete image between the speaker’s childhood and the mother’s strong influence. The speaker shows how her mother’s influential ways shaped into the person the speaker is today. For example, â€Å"But it was just that every morning I awoke to these October ripened canvases passed my hand across their cloth faces and began to wonder how you pieced all these together.† This quote shows the interest that the speaker has towards her mother’s quilt, she then explains in great detail how her mother threads pieces of fabrics together, obviously admiring her mother’s works. This reason shows how a person’s identity is influenced by his or her environment. However, many can argue that someone’s identity is not always shaped because of their surrounding environment, which is believable to an extent. For example, a person could go to church for their whole childhood, but as they grown up they could interpret religion in a whole different way or not be religious in any way . If it was had just been based off their culture, then they would still be religious forever. Many people around the world may be trapped within their own culture like in theShow MoreRelated Alice Walkers In Love and Trouble Essay2326 Words   |  10 PagesAlice Walkers In Love and Trouble Stories from In Love and Trouble, like other Alice Walker’s works, are the portrayal of black women. I would interpret the term â€Å"black women† as women who have gone through all sorts of hardship and struggles, but not all women in the world or only those with black skin. I strongly argue that Walker’s characters are better represented as women who suffer the way African American women do, than as women with black skin. I will justify my argument by referringRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1948 Words   |  8 Pagesthemselves in different ways. Whether it’s by our names, our religion, or our sexuality, we all have something different that make us unique and that we identify ourselves as. In Alice Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† an African American woman tells the story of her daughter Dee’s long awaited visit. Upon her arrival the mother and her other daughter, Maggie, discover some drastic changes in Dee: she has changed her name to Wangero, she also arrived with a mysterious man who calls himself Asalamalakim

Wagner Beethoven Essay Example For Students

Wagner Beethoven Essay By:Seth CoxEnglish Research Paper3/26/99Ludwig Van Beethoven, thought by many to be a sort of demi-god, a man ofotherworldly genius. Beethoven has had such titles as: Beethoven the Creator,Beethoven, the Man who Freed Music, and Beethoven, Life of a Conqueror,(Internet source, roughguides 1). These typical images created of Beethoven havebeen around since the composers day, extracting the astounding character fromthe his astounding music. True excellence does not come from on category, todiscover his true source of excellence, his life, time and hardship must beuncovered. Beethoven is believed to be the ultimate product of German idealism and thevery personification of an age of revolution. Beethovens music declared his lovefor humanity, but in fact he hated most people. Beethoven put with people forone sole reason, himself, the people paid his way, and he needed the money. Beethovens music was loved by all, and wanted by many, and he was capable ofselling scores to six or seven different publishers. Beethoven was a man whowanted money, he didnt care about ideas or principles, so he sold his music toanyone. Beethoven asserted his independence and self-expression by stating,What is in my heart must come out, and so I write it down (Internet source,roughguides 1)From the time of its composition, his music has been celebrated as westerncivilizations most powerful expression of its innermost experience. Beethovenhas been renowned as the greatest, most respected pianist of the day. He was ableto improvise at length upon any theme, and capable of technical feats, that stumpand confuse even trained musicians nowadays, making them impossible toduplicate. Beethovens technique came as a shock to many people, he would raisehis hands above his head and literally smash the keys with such force that heregularly broke the strings. Beethoven was so mad at himself for not being ableto reproduce the sounds in his head, he punished the keyboard for not allowinghim greater freedom. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn in 1770. He was not the first in hisfamily to deal with music, his father and grandfather were musicians at the courtof the Elector of Colongne. His father recognized his sons talents; and his effortshelped Beethoven to develop to his fullest extent. Beethoven started to takelessons for the piano, violin and possibly the viola with his father as his teacher. In 1778, Beethovens father arranged a public concert in Bonn. After the concert,his father realized that he must look elsewhere to teach his son. Beethoven soon began to take lessons from a man named Christian Neefe. During Beethovens time of development, Neefes teachings were vital, and alsothrough him, Beethoven gained a firm musical grounding. With Neefesteachings, Beethoven was encouraged to look beyond Bonn, so in 1787, he set outfor Vienna, but had to return on account of his mothers sickness. WhenBeethoven returned from Vienna, he was appointed assistant organist and wasalso a viola player in the court orchestra. In the winter of 1788, Beethoven wasengaged to play in a theater orchestra that the Elector had organized. Beethovens work atcourt gained him valuable experience of orchestral practice and composition. In1790, Beethoven met a man named Haydn, and in 1792 Beethoven decided thathe would go to Vienna and study with this man Haydn. A few month after arriving in Vienna, Beethoven received word that his fatherhad died. His fathers death left Beethoven much pain and dispare, as well asfinancial problems. His salary was guaranteed by the Elector because of hisfriends at home, and even Haydn tried to help. Along with financial problems,Haydn, who was giving Beethoven lessons, decided that he could no longer helpBeethoven, and left on a trip to London. This loss of lessons didnt affectBeethoven much, as it turned out his lessons had not been much of a success. After this, Beethoven decided that he should stay in Vienna and try to make acareer for himself. In 1801, Beethoven began to notice a change in his hearing. At first, hesuffered day and night from a terrible buzzing in his head, but before long, he lostthe ability to distinguish pitch, and by 1803 he was virtually stone deaf. Duringthis time, Beethoven not once complained that he had become creatively impairedbecause of his deafness, in fact, he went on to comp ose the most adventurouspiano music ever written. During this time of hardship, he went on to composesuch work as his Third Symphony and Eroica. .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d , .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .postImageUrl , .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d , .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d:hover , .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d:visited , .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d:active { border:0!important; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d:active , .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd68d828049cd2165fb689fbf3e6697d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Haha EssayThe decade after he completed Eroica, he produced masterpieces of greatsuccession. He produced such work as his opera Fidelio, the Rasumousky stringquartets, the violin Concerto, the fourth and fifth piano concertos, symphoniesfour to eight, and many of his piano solos, including the Waldstein andAppossionata sonatas. Beethoven took great interest in the French Revolution, and he admired itsleader, Napoleon. He admired the leader so much that he dedicated his ThirdSymphony, Eroica to him. Eroica was a landmark in the development ofsymphonies, and it was twice as long as anything similar by Mozart or Haydn. However, when Beethoven heard that Napoleon had crowned himself emperor, hewas disgusted and changed his dedication. Form then on, Beethoven seemed tohate anything French, and later was compelled to hate it even more. The invasionof Vienna, by Napoleons army in 1805 happened to occur at the same time as thefirst performance of Beethovens opera, Fidelio. It wasnt until 1806 thatBeethoven revised it, and then it wasnt until 1814 that he revised it again and itfinally gained its deserved success. As 1808 came to a close, Beethoven presented several major works, all in thecourse of one evening. On the 22nd of December he gave a concert at the Theateran der Wien, which included the Fifth Symphony, the Choral Fantasia, the PianoConcerto in G, and various movements of the Mass for Prince Esterhazy. In may1808, Haydn had died, and there was now no one to challenge Beethovens rightto be the musical king of Vienna. At the end of 1813, the Seventh Symphony was performed for the first time. The premiere of the Seventh Symphony together with Wellingtons Victory or theBattle of Victoria, gave Beethoven the public recognition he wanted. But hissuccess was soon to be spoiled. In 1815, his brother Caper Anton Carl died andleft his son Karl to Beethoven as his legal guardian. Also Beethovens increasingdeafness made it impossible for him to conduct his work, or even perform anymore. Beethovens last years included illness and worry on one hand, but on a higherhand, he had some monumental masterpieces. His achievements in the last yearsof his life included such work as: The Diabelli Variations, the last piano sonatas,the last six string quartets, the Mass in D major, Miss Solemnis, and the ChoralSymphony No. 9. In 1824, Beethovens fame had grown so far the his name and music wereinternational in a way that not even Mozarts had been, and he had finally beenaccepted in Vienna as the way he should be. The Viennese were fond, and evenproud of the eccentric man in their midst. In the fall of 1826, Beethoven returned to Schwarzspanierhas in Vienna, it wasthere that Beethoven was to die. It was recorded thought, that on the dayBeethoven died, there was a terrible storm that raged in Vienna and the dying manhad shaken his fist at the heavens as thunder and lightning struck the town. (Internet source, roughguides 3)Beethoven was a man that had to deal with excruciating problems, his life wasnot some walk in the park. I believe that he was given a great gift, a gift so greatit was perfect. But that was the problem, nothing in this world is perfect, soBeethoven was given many problems to compensate for the gift he had received. With all these problems though, Beethoven over came them, he looked pain andanguish in the face and went past them. Now once someone has overcome suchodds, and uncovered their weaknesses and problems, it is then that true excellencecan be given. So in my response, I think that Beethoven was a miss understoodman, he was brilliant and powerful, but people thought to much of him, and itprovided allot of added pressure to his life. .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 , .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .postImageUrl , .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 , .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9:hover , .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9:visited , .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9:active { border:0!important; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9:active , .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9 .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45a8dea172272d9570d685c778bb3ab9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effects of Maternal Employment on Infant Developme EssayBibliography PageInternet source: Ludwig Van Beethoven,http://www-2.roughguides.com/music/classical/cla_bee.htmlInternet source: Biography of Beethoven,http//www.geocities.com/Vienna/Strasse/2914/beethoven/beetbio.htmlBook Source: Beethoven and his World, by Alan Kendall

On Guard, Mr. Opponent! Searching for the Logical Fallacies in October Debates. Obama vs. Romney

Introduction: In Search for the Graphic Illustrations of Fallacies In the ideal world where the laws of human nature are inapplicable to political leaders, debates can probably run without any observable instances of fallacies; however, in the world of the present-day reality, winning over a political opponent in a debate presupposes using a number of tactics of logical fallacies, which will obviously represent the rival in the least favorable light possible.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on On Guard, Mr. Opponent! Searching for the Logical Fallacies in October Debates. Obama vs. Romney specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking the recent presidential debates as a source material for all sorts of logical fallacies that can occur during a conversation, one can easily figure out how certain logical fallacies can be applied to practice. Analyzing the conversation which Barack Obama and Mitt Romney had during t he October debates, one can see distinctly that the outcomes of the above-mentioned debates depend considerable on the public’s opinion of each of the candidates, which, in its turn, is shaped greatly by the use of the logical fallacies in the rivals’ speeches. Romney’s Fallacy of Accident or Sweeping Generalization One of the first fallacies to mention is the fallacy of accident, or sweeping generalization. According to the existing definition, sweeping generalization is â€Å"referred to as the fallacy of accident, to emphasize the irregularity of particular cases to which generalizations do not apply† (Engel 72). The aforementioned means that the fallacy of accident stretches a concrete example to the scale of a common truth. When taking a closer look at the arguments which Romney offers in his speech, one can easily notice that he actually makes a generalization of what Obama said earlier, thus, turning the entire argument upside down: And the answer is, yes, we can help, but it’s going to take a different path. Not the one we’ve been on, not the one the president describes as a top-down, cut taxes for the rich. That’s not what I’m going to do. (TheNewYorkTimes) Compared to this statement, Obama’s idea was expressed in the following way: I think it’s important for us to develop new sources of energy here in America, that we change our tax code to make sure that we’re helping small businesses and companies that are investing here in the United States. (TheNewYorkTimes)Advertising Looking for research paper on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Romney substituted â€Å"small businesses and companies† with â€Å"the rich†. Hence, the generalization with a fallacy turning the tables on the opponent can be spotted. An Appeal to Emotion: Mitt Romney’s Teary-Eye Stories When guided by emotions, people ma ke hasty choices, which the next fallacy makes use of. An appeal to emotion can be described as â€Å"a red herring fallacy in which a speaker attempts to persuade an audience through emotional manipulation† (Shabo 96). In the presidential debates, Mitt Romney appeals to the audience’s compassion by showing how he sympathizes with the American folk: Ann yesterday was at a rally in Denver and a woman came up to her with a baby in her arms and said, â€Å"Ann, my husband has had four jobs in three years, part-time jobs. He’s lost his most recent job and we’ve now just lost our home. Can you help us?† (TheNewYorkTimes) An obvious appeal to the audience’s emotions, this element of Romney’s speech does not bear any significance as from the rest of his argument. Used only to make the audience feel that Romney has the common touch, this part was inserted to stir people’s emotions. Obama Attacks the Opponent Personally: Touchà ©, Mr. Romney However, Obama also used a couple of tricks which can be recognized as logical fallacies. He uses the tactics known as â€Å"personal attack.† According to the definition offered by Walton, personal attack is a type of fallacy which occurs â€Å"whenever we attack a person instead of his or her argument† (Walton93). Personal attack aims to point at the weaknesses of the opponent instead of the opponent’s reasoning. Indeed, at certain point Obama tends to judge Romney’s personal features basing on the decisions which Romney makes: â€Å"The problem is that he’s been asked over 100 times how you would close those deductions and loopholes, and he hasn’t been able to identify them† (TheNewYorkTimes). Questioning Romney’s competence, the given sentence makes it clear that Obama wants to make Romney look silly in the eye of the public and, therefore, reduce his impact on the public’s opinion. The Power of Fear: Obamaâ⠂¬â„¢s Terrifying Supposition In addition to the logical fallacy mentioned above, Obama also uses another tactics of fallacy that helps him control the audience and at the same time make the opponent look bad. There is no secret that the sense of fear is registered among one of the strongest driving forces period, which means that fear is the most efficient method of controlling the audience.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on On Guard, Mr. Opponent! Searching for the Logical Fallacies in October Debates. Obama vs. Romney specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Defined as the representation of ability to protect people against the threats mentioned by the speaker (Paul and Elder 21), an appeal to fear is very efficient. Making good use of people’s sense of fear, Obama depicts the most dreadful consequences possible that can follow Romney’s politics: The approach that Governor Romney’s talking about is the same sales pitch that was made in 2001 and 2003, and we ended up with the slowest job growth in 50 years, we ended up moving from surplus to deficits, and it all culminated in the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. (TheNewYorkTimes) Needless to mention, the years of Great Depression still remain one of the darkest times in the history of the USA, triggering complicated economical, financial and social issues. Hence, Obama’s remark makes a truly great impression and serves as a means to make Romney look incompetent. An Appeal to Ridicule: Romney’s Final Attempt at Winning As it has been mentioned above, fear has a great power over people; hence, to reduce the effect which the opponent has on the public, making fun of the former and, therefore, making him less significant and, thus, less threatening, is a reasonable, though not quite fair, practice. An appeal to ridicule is defined as an attempt â€Å"to show an utter incapacity for underst anding† (Cox, Nicoll and Moffatt 402). Romney uses the above-mentioned tactics in his performance, though not efficiently enough. Trying to make the rival look silly, he pokes fun at the choices which Obama makes: But don’t forget, you put $90 billion, like 50 years’ worth of breaks, into — into solar and wind, to Solyndra and Fisker and Tester and Ener1. I mean, I had a friend who said you don’t just pick the winners and losers, you pick the losers, all right? (TheNewYorkTimes) Creating a comedic effect, Romney also attempts at tarnish Obama’s reputation by assuming that the latter makes wrong choices and is highly likely to fail. Still, this attack is too obvious to be effective; instead of damaging Obama’s reputation, it harms Romney, since the audience can sense now his spite towards Obama.Advertising Looking for research paper on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion: Constructive Arguments without Dirty Tricks Are Possible As it can be seen in the examples mentioned above, even the fairest and the most transparent debates in the world of politics are meant to incorporate all sorts of logical fallacies, which helps the opponents represent their own arguments in the best way possible, while showing the vis-à  -vis to his utmost disadvantage. However, it is important to mention that in the given case, the opponents do not abuse these methods in order to take over each other. Even though each of them resorts to a certain fallacy now and then, there is no common thread of resorting to false accusations and ridiculing of the opponent. It goes without saying that both Obama and Romney aimed at impressing the audience to win the elections rather to come to a certain conclusion in their debates. However, taking into account that the above-mentioned was actually the purpose of the debates, it is quite forgivable that both Obama and Romney res orted to using logical fallacies. Hopefully, further on debates are going to be taken to a different level, on which the opponents will represent their ideas without actually trying to get on each other’s throats, which will lead to a better representation of the future leaders’ goals and actions which are going to be undertaken after the elections. Works Cited Cox, Nicoll and Moffatt. The Expositor. Hachette, UK: Hodder Stoughton, 1894. Print. Engel, Morris S. Fallacies and Pitfalls of Language:  The Language Trap. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover Publications, 1994. Print. Paul, Richard and Linda Elder. Thinker’s Guide to Fallacies:  The Art of Mental  Trickery. Berkeley, CA: The Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2006. Print. Shabo, Magedah. Rhetoric, Logic, and Argumentation: A Guide for Student Writers. Clayton, DE: Prestwick House, 2010. Print. TheNewYorkTimes. â€Å"Complete Second Presidential Town Hall Debate 2012: Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney – Oct 16, 2012.† YouTube. YouTube, 16 Oct. 2012. Web. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEpCrcMF5Ps. Walton, Douglas N. Ad Hominem Arguments. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 1998. Print. This research paper on On Guard, Mr. Opponent! Searching for the Logical Fallacies in October Debates. Obama vs. Romney was written and submitted by user Julian Gould to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Research Paper on Retail Industry

Research Paper on Retail Industry ABSTRACT In this research paper, we take a peek into the organized retail sector of India. It started making its presence felt nearly a decade after the first lot of entrepreneurs set up shop. A brief introduction and evolution shows how the organized retailing changed its gears over the period from Panwala dhukan to chain stores across the length and breadth of India. The market size and related details gives a statistical view of increasing market in a few major areas of retailing. The major market players who enlivened the present caricature of retail sector are presented briefly along with statistics. The changing scenarios of Indian consumers give a proof to the potential opportunity in the retailing arena. SWOT and its subheads take you to the crux of analysis into retail industry. Out of which we formulated the future prospects. One major lifesaver of the Indian retailing is the advertising and promotional strategies; which comes out with innovative ways to win consumers over and keep them permanently happy. FDI in retail has been contentious issue and may face resistance, given the perceived political scenario. FDI will be a defining moment for Indian retail and how government policies effect the retail industry is given briefly to the end. INTRODUCTION AND EVOLUTION The word ‘Retailing’ refers to any activity that involves the direct sale to an individual customer or end user. Retailing has been the most active and attractive sector of the last decade. While the retailing industry itself has been present through out the history in our country, it is only the recent past that has witnessed so much dynamism. Retailing arena today is very different. It’s the latest bandwagon that has been witnessing hordes of players leaping onto it. While international retail store chains have caught the fancy of many travelers abroad, the action was missing from the Indian business scene, at least till recently. The emergence of organized retailing in India has more to do with the increasing purchasing power of buyers, specially post liberalization, increase in product variety, and the increasing economics of scale, with the aid of modern supply and distribution management solutions. The current retailing revolution has been provided impetus from multiple sources. These revolutionaries include many: Conventional stores upgrading themselves to modern retailing. Companies in competitive environments entering the market directly to ensure exclusive visibility for their products. Professional chain stores coming up to meet the need of the manufacturers who do not fall into either of the above categories. Attractiveness, accessibility and affordability seem to be the key offerings of the retailing chain. In our presentation, we shall be restricting ourselves to the Organized Retailing Sector. Organized retailing mainly comprises of Malls, Branded Stores, Specialty Stores, Departmental Stores, and Discount Stores etc. Evolution: The world first saw the emergence of retailing in the pre 1850s when the Yankee Peddlers, Bartering, Trading Posts and General stores were in place. The first departmental store was established in 1851 by the name of F R Lazarus Company in the U.S. Between 1860 and 1910, chain stores and early general stores dominated the scene. In 1932, the first super market was established in New Jersey (Big Bear). In India the retail market is as old as in the global context. However, the concept organized retailing is comparatively new. Retailing has been one of the prominent driving forces in business in India. Traditionally it has been dominated to a large extent by the unorganized sector. But the growth of the organized sector has been steadily increasing especially after liberalization of the Indian economy. The process started with the establishment of the Shopper’s Stop outlet at Andheri, Mumbai in 1991.Then, other organized retailing stores like Kids Kemp, Crossroads, RPG’s Music world, Pyramids etc followed the trend. CHANGING WAVES The change that organized retail has brought about is evident from how it has transformed the neighborhood grocery or ‘kirana’ store. Gone are the dust-coated shelves and cluttered displays and in place are neat rows of the latest products and spruced up appearance and attentive staff. Organized retail accounts for merely 2% of total retail market. The pace of development is, of course, still below the desired level but the phased growth has been strong enough to ensure that retail does not go the way some of the other ‘sunrise’ industries did following over-investment. While big retailers like Shopper’s Stop, Pantaloon, Subhishka, Food World do get some preferential treatment from large suppliers the relationship between the tow is tense to say the least. Retailers need to get the customer to spend more at their outlets before they can turn the tables on manufacturers. With mere 2% share there is precious little that organized retailing can do to get better terms from manufacturers. International retailers too have evinced interest in India’s retail market. The latest entry is that of supermarket giant from South Africa, tied up with mall developer Nirmal Lifestyle in Mulund. MORE ARE BETTER OFF Indian consumer markets Structure of Indian consumer market (2001-2002) Annual income (Rs) Classification Number of house holds (in millions) URBAN RURAL TOTAL 16,000 Destitutes 5.3 27.7 33.0 16,000-22,000 Aspirants 7.1 36.9 44.0 22,001-45,000 Climbers 16.8 37.3 54.1 45,001-215,000 Consumers 16.6 15.9 32.5 215,000 The rich 0.8 0.4FF 1.2 Total no. Of households 46.6 118.2 164.8 Source: ORG-Marg, ETIG Estimates MARKET SIZE: 2001-02 2007 CAGR (%) Large Segments 8,850 23,109 21 Other Segments 6,050 12,169 15 Non-store Retailing 1,100 1,939 12 Total Organized Retail 16,000 37,216 18 3 Large Segments FOOD Chain Stores 1,500 6,726 35 Single Large Stores others 300 746 20 1800 7,473 33 CLOTHING Manufacturing Retailers 1,350 2,715 15 Chain Stores 1,450 3,919 22 Single Large Stores others 2,150 3,789 12 4,950 10,423 16 CONSUMER DURABLES Manufacturer Retailers 650 1,307 15 Chain Stores 450 1,373 25 Single Large Stores 550 1,106 15 1,650 3,787 18 (Rs Cr) Source: ORG-Marg, ETIG Estimates ETIG has estimated the size of the organized retail industry at about Rs 16,000 crore in 2001-02. Food retailing has shown very rapid growth compared to other sectors. This sector has doubled during the last two years and is expected to grow to more than 30 percent in the next five years. No major national players has emerged in this industry yet and south still remains home to three of the largest players in the industry – Food world, subhiksha and Margin free. Apparel retailing takes a major share of Pie. This will be driven by more sales through multi-brand outlets (MBO’s) and popularity of private labels. One shop selling also saves time. Consumer durables is still in fragmented state. However large format stores are appealing to people. In the south, organized retail has a strong foothold. Vijay Sales and Akbarallys are the main players in Mumbai. A new trend has been sale of BigBazaar. Shoppers Stop too has added consumer durables to its portfolio in certain outlets. Raymond the clothing major has announced a proposed investment of Rs15 crores in a venture that will undertake consumer durables retailing. These developments may mark the beginning of a new era in consumer durables retailing but only time will tell if organized retail can capture a larger share of the durable retailing market. Manufacturer retailer stores form the largest category followed by chain stores. Single large stores will continue to be the key players though their growth rates may not be as high. The following is the list of major players in major cities in India: MAJOR PLAYERS THEIR MARKET SHARE (2001-2002) No of Stores Turn over (Rs Cr) Sales(Rs. Cr) MUMBAI Shoppers Stop 13 256 6,250 Crossword 13 35 7,807 Globus 3 57 7,000 Pantaloon 13 149 10,000 Westside 7 93 6,786 Piramyd 2 55 11,000 Kbn 1 22 10,950 Apna bazaar 75 126 11,111 DELHI Ebony+Wordsworth 10 109 8,462 Wills Sport 29 38 6,333 Sabka bazaar 5 16 8,000 CHENNAI LifeStyle 3 76 6,522 Subhiksha 112 201 16,000 Jainsons 17 57 6,588 Food world 275 363 10,286 OTHERS Big Bazaar 3 67 12,500 Dev’s Super market 1 14 14,000 Adani Ravji 6 16 10,000 PRIORITY LIST Changing consumer behaviour: More discerning demanding lifestyle Indian household income is on the rise (Ref) Lavish life style More priority to eating out (ref) Changing priorities for consumer durables goods as per ages (Ref) Youth is emerging as a core target customer for ‘Look good feel good’ Top Six Categories Preference 1999 2000 2001 Grocery Grocery Grocery Eating out Eating out Eating out Personal care Books Music Personal care Consumer durables Personal care Books Music Clothing Clothing Consumer durables Books Music Consumer durables Clothing Source: KSA Consumer Outlook 2002 This change in purchasing power of consumer and most welcoming trends in buying behavior of consumer gave several cues to existing retailers regarding promotional activities. The potential opportunity in the retail sector can be evident from the shift in the figures over years (Ref) SPENDING ACROSS MAJOR SEGMENTS 1999 2001 2002 Grocery 47.8 48.0 42.1 Personal Care items 7.5 7.1 8.8 Home appliances 0.7 2.0 5 Savings investments 6.1 6.4 5.2 Clothing 6.5 4.7 10.5 Consumer/durables 4.8 5.5 5 * Figures indicated in the tables are in percentages. SWOT Analysis The Strength-Weakness-Opportunities-Threat analysis of the Retail industry can be done as follows: Strengths: Eliminates links in the purchasing chain (direct manufacturer-retailer-customer chain). Technology driven (hence less error prone) Consultative selling Presence of big industry houses (Tatas, Rahejas etc.) which can absorb loses. Consumer service. Variety of products under one roof. Authentic products with Guarantee (some cases) Pleasant shopping ambience. Research driven plus competent manpower. Weaknesses: Lowest per capita space in the world with 2 sq.ft/1000 (congestion) Prices more as compared to specialized shops (in India). Reluctance of people (Middle and lower class) Non-availability of huge land spaces at prime slots (especially in the metros) High overhead and labor costs. Opportunities: Lifestyle changes or status consciousness (NRS Survey) Ready availability of real estate in smaller towns. Improved sourcing options. Increasing time pressure for Indian woman. Focus on more quality, variety and easy availability under one roof. Increase in disposable income (NRS Survey) Feel and touch shopping. No foreign competition. Increasing media exposure to brand. Threats: Roadside bargains. Other retail outlets (organized and unorganized) Personal and homely attention at smaller Shops Availability of credit at other retail (unorganized) outlets. Competition from unorganized sector. Government policies. Problems Paucity of expert management and trained staff. Ban on FDI. Political considerations. Lack of recognization of importance of retailing as a driver of economic growth. High cost of real estate at ‘hot locations’. Complex regulatory regime. Population with diverse cultural background. Fragmented makeup of the consuming market, complex geographical culture structure. Poor infrastructural linkages. Ease of Entry and Exit by players Complex business that requires substantial skills in areas like logistics 2P’s-Property and Personnel are the biggest problems to venture into retailing, since huge area (approx. 1,00,000 square feet) is required for setting up a high-class retailing outlet. Also there’s a dearth of skilled personnel in retailing since it is still thought of a low-class, low paying jobs. Huge marketing required after setting up an organized retailing shop (full-line stores) since competition is with local retailers (unorganized) who are well acquainted with local needs. Huge infrastructure required for setting up an organized retailing shop (Power, logistics systems etc.) GROWTH DRIVERS FOR RETAILING SECTOR Organized retailing is spreading and making its present felt in different parts of the country. Several growth drivers are responsible for this boom of retail industry. There has been an increase in the presence of MNCs. The industrial boom has led to the emergence of new residential areas with aggregation of professionals as well as rapid increase in the number of ‘double-income’ households and growth of the rich/upper middle class with increased purchasing power. This has been combined with the increasing need for touch and feel shopping, especially for the large migrant population. All these factors have together acted favorably in nurturing the industry. One of the main influences in the growth of retail industry is the consumer pull. In fact this seems to be the most important driving factor behind the sustenance of the industry. With the increase in double-income households, working women, there is an increasing pressure on time with very little time available for leisure. So under these circumstances people are preferring the convenience of one stop shopping. They are also seeking speed and efficiency in processing, as a result. Being more aware, consumers are on the lookout for more information, better quality, hygiene and as well as increased customer service. These changes in consumer behavior also augur well for the retail industry. ADVERTISING PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES Retail, today is a combination of revolution and evolution. The retail industry will continue to evolve and change. With increasing interest in non-store retailing (catalogue shopping, online shopping, home delivery), companies will have to redefine and plan new shopping environments that make shopping experience as enjoyable as possible. While unique displays add flavor to the stores interior, merchandising displays help the customer learn about a product and to promote an impulse purchase. The present study further confirms that displays play a very significant role in increasing sales. MERCHANDISING: Successful retailers today have found that they can dramatically increase their sales by merchandising items in a way that creates good impression. The term merchandising can be defined as â€Å"the promotion of a product by developing strategies for packaging and displaying it. Effective merchandising can help generate more customer traffic, amplify repeat business, increase no of customers who make purchases and increase the size of the purchases that take place- all leading to increase sales. In-store merchandising is no longer a commodities-driven method of organizing a product at retail, but rather the last three feet of any comprehensive and integrated marketing plan. Merchandising plays a crucial role in leveraging brands, since it talks to the consumer when money, product and willingness to buy converge at the retail outlet. The KSA consumer outlook study (2000) in India established that 75% of consumers look out for attractive display in a store. The other important attribu tes were Satisfaction with stores Attributes % Of respondents looking out for this attribute in a retail outlet. Polite courteous sales people 86.1 Quality of products 85.9 Non-intrusive sales people 76.2 Value for money 75.1 Attractive displays 75.0 Range of products 65.8 Schemes promotions 48.8 Exchange/ return policy 44.1 A trial room 32.0 Acceptance of credit cards 25.1 An entertainment center for children 10.0 The price is the most important influencer. It is almost doubly important than retailer suggestion (push). There is a very thin line between schemes and brand name. This means even a new brand backed by good schemes and reasonable price can find favor with the customer. Also providing incentives to the retailer to push the brand may not be a sound strategy after all. Displays scored better than retailer suggestion. This implies eye-catching displays can do wonders to brand sales. Key success factors for a display are: Sales force must be aware of the objective of the display and the retailer must share the same. The retail outlet must fit the profile for the display strategy. All key elements of design and merchandising must be coordinated to get the right effect. Sales force must scan the surrounding environment to gauge the effect of climate as well as competition on proposed place of display. The height of display must be such that it meets the eye level of customer. Above all displays must be eye catching. Hence some time must be spent to maintain the display on repeat visits by sales force. Currently, domestic discount formats within the organized retail market include The Home Stores Sabka Bazaar, Giant, Big Bazaar and the Tirupati Group-owned Hum Sabka Dilli Bazaar and each of them is bang on course. Mr. Sanjeev Kapoor, Managing Director of the recently-set-up Dilli Bazaar, for example, intends to sell FMCG products at anywhere between 3-30 per cent below MRP. Offering flat rates on specific days is also becoming common at discount stores such as these. According to Mr Kapoor, Bulk buying directly from the company cuts down on the distribution and dealer margins significantly, which makes such discounting possible. In order to survive in todays tough retail climate, companies must continually innovate in ways to create stronger, more direct links with their customers. At the same time retailers must focus on the most demanding customers who want customization, value and service. New store designs must assault the consumers sense of sight, sound, Taste, touch and smell-preferably all at the same time. In this environment, merchandising and esp. displays is more important than ever, as being top-of-mind will keep the brand growing. Impact of retail sector in India: In India, the retail sector is the second largest employer after agriculture. The retail industry in India is estimated to employ about 10% of the total labor force. The retail industry in India is enjoying boom time and job opportunities in retailing have been increasing. In fact, retailing has emerged as a new stream of management curriculum, providing new areas of employment. The retailing sector in India is highly fragmented and predominantly consists of small independent, owner-managed shops. Given the size, and the geographical, cultural and socio-economic diversity of India, there is no role model for Indian suppliers and retailers to adapt or expand in the Indian context. Consumer perspective: Consumer response to supermarkets has been moderate because most do not have access to transportation to a supermarket and are still in the habit of buying fresh produce daily from local stores. This is mostly due to the proximity to homes and personal service of local stores. Self-serve supermarkets are a more recent phenomenon in India. These self-service stores stock a wide range of groceries, snacks, processed foods, confectionery items, and cleaning and personal care products. Many shoppers also have the perception that prices are higher at supermarkets because they are large, brightly lit, and air-conditioned. Higher-income consumers focus more on convenience and quality. In urban India, families are experiencing growth in income and dearth of time. More and more women are also turning to corporate jobs, which is adding to the family income but making lifestyles extremely busy. Rising incomes has led to increasing demand for better quality products while lack of time has led a demand for convenience and service. Government Policies Government of India (or for that matter, any of the State Governments) do not even consider this sector worthy of being deemed as an industry status or to formulate any strategy or directive to support or nurture it. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the retailing sector is not permitted yet, in order to protect the interests of the small retailers. There is a strong lobby of small traders that has been vocal on the issue of not permitting FDI into retail. The lobby is based on the premise that modern retail will impact the livelihood of millions of small family-run businesses. Since 1997, the government has barred foreign participation in the retail sector, except for the cash-and-carry wholesale route where wholesalers cannot open retail shops to sell to consumers directly, 100 percent foreign ownership is permitted, and for franchising. However, the Commerce Department is considering a proposal to allow 100% FDI in department stores and 5-star shopping arcades, as these would not compete with small retailers. Major Regulations and Licenses Required: Shop and establishment license NOC from Fire Brigade regarding fire safety norms Conforming to Labour Laws License for fabrics, yarn and other inflammables like cosmetics IPRS, PPL CONCLUSION The task lying ahead of Indian retail is an onerous one. After grappling against the wild tides of the past decade, a few perseverant players have evolved into mature players and are confident of the way ahead. Plenty of opportunity exists and the formidable task is to tap this opportunity, in a unique country like India. The huge potential can be tapped if the following three aspects are stressed: What does it take to make a customer walk into your store and buy products How many such outlets can we open across the country to achieve national status and more importantly economies of scale. There should be a clear-cut vision and perseverance to dig in their heels and wait for the returns that will kick in only a few years later. The retail industry in India is witnessing a high level of organized business activity CRM, supply chain management, visual merchandising customer loyalty programs are now buzzwords in the industry. No where is this transformation more evident than in the organized retail segment for apparel and lifestyle products which is expected to grow at more than 25% to reach Rs12850 crores by 2005. Retail may soon see FDI coming in. After an initial set back, the Indian retailers are now coping up in a phased manner. The backend front end are equally geared up. The key players in the market have learnt to live up with the existing problems and find innovative solution to work around them and the day is not far-off when organized retailing becomes the primary way of selling. Future Prospects  · The size of the industry is estimated at 16,000 crore and is growing at the rate of 18-20 percent per annum. ETIG (Economic times estimate guide) estimates that the retailing industry will cross the 37,000 crore sales mark by the year 2007 and could even exceed this level if the flow of investment in the sector accelerate.  · Departmental stores are coming up in most cities and many more are planned to be opening in the coming years.  · An increase in purchasing power (NRS survey) of the urban population is leading to a higher demand for better lifestyle which is leading to a need for better shopping ambience, superior quality products and improved service. All these factors form the basis for organized retailing.  · With the advent of modern technology, Indian retailers have been spending more on setting up IT systems, which augurs well for the retail industry.  · If FDI is allowed into organized retail, it will be a defining moment into Indian retail as it will allow more foreign players into organized retail, which will lead to increased competition and hence improvement in performance and quality. Rural Market: Indian retailing is currently largely urban and based on models emulated from the US. What is missing is a clear connection to Indian realities. There is a huge untapped potential in the rural market for retailing. India’s rural market stated as a percentage of world population is 12.2 percent. Rural households in India form about 72 percent of the total households- a huge market. Even the current consumption of certain durables and non- durables by rural customers is more than that of urban consumers. Also literacy rates in villages have increased considerably, thus bringing about a shift in consumer tastes. The Hariyali Kisan Bazar (HKB), initiated by the Delhi-based DCM Shriram Consolidated Ltd, is one model catering to retailing in rural areas. It is located at a place close to Shahjahanpur, 167km from Lucknow. It is a retail store that specifically caters to rural people. It has targeted the farmers supplying sugarcane to the sugar mill next door as the main customer. In addition to providing functional products, it also provides farmers with certain other value added services like computerized transactions, touch-screen info kiosk, technical advisory services. Thus, whoever would follow their footsteps and go for retailing in the rural areas stand to gain a lot. The time to shift the gears and accelerate the pace of retail development has arrived and it is up to retailers and potential investors to get their show on the roads. Some retailers are doing this and have massive expansion plans in place. WE NEED MORE LIKE THEM. PROFILE OF SOME MAJOR MARKET PLAYERS SHOPPERS STOP Shoppers Stop, a K. Raheja Group company, started its operations in 1991 with a mega retail store in Andheri, Mumbai. It is one of the major retailers in India with 13 stores across the country out of which 5 are operational in Mumbai. Its main area of business consists of apparel and accessories. One of the executives of Shoppers Stop Mr. Rajesh Shetty, Department Manager of Chembur outlet provided valuable information about the organization. Competitors: Lifestyle Big Bazaar Pantaloons Target segment: It is has been its strategy to target â€Å"higher income group† consumers. Although it has been quite a smaller group in India but they target the entire share of the consumer’s wallet. Customer Policy: The USP of Shoppers Stop is customer service. It focuses on customer loyalty and tries to promote shopping as an experience. Shoppers Stop boasts of being Third in the country in terms of loyal customer base with 3.5 lac customers to its credit. As it is, 60% of its sales are through loyalty programme called First Citizen Club. HR Policies: Shoppers Stop generally recruits undergraduates for its floor operations. Like any other retail business they also suffer from higher attrition rate. It organizes meets and get-togethers for its employees. Future Plans: Shoppers Stop strategy about future expansion is that it intends to exploit the cosmopolitan cities in India to the fullest. In the next phase it would be expanding to the other major Indian cities. Keeping this objective in mind it is planning to increase its store line from 13 to 38 in the next year. In addition, it also plans to open its outlet in Dubai. WILLS LIFESTYLE Beginning with its initial offering of Wills Sport premium relaxed wear from the first store at South Extension, New Delhi in July 2000, ITC has in a short span of time expanded its basket of offerings to the formal segment with Wills Classic formal wear and to the social evening segment with Wills Clublife, evening wear. There are currently 48 stores in 38 cities across the length and breadth of the country and these have established themselves as preferred shopping destinations in the prime shopping districts. At the Images Fashion Awards 2001, ‘Wills Lifestyle’ was declared Most Admired Exclusive Retail Chain of the year†. Wills Classic formal wear, launched in November 2002, is positioned as the brand for New Age Leaders, who encourage teamwork, innovation and enterprise, breaking the shackles of hierarchy and domination. ITC launched Wills Clublife in May 2003 in the growing eveningwear segment, thereby strengthening its portfolio in the premium segment. ITC l aunched its brand of men’s apparel in the popular segment, ‘John Players’, in December 2002. TRENT STORES Introduction: Trent Ltd.’s Westside stores promise customers an international shopping experience and value-for-money. High quality, contemporary designs and a plethora of products have been successfully balanced to create the ultimate shopping experience. Location: What began as just one store at Bangalore has now expanded to other cities, such as Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, New Delhi, Pune, Kolkata, Nagpur and Ahmedabad. The Westside stores have several departments to meet the varied shopping needs of customers. These include the menswear, womenswear, lingerie, kidswear, household accessories, cosmetics and perfumes sections. Complementing the shopping ambience is a coffee shop, CafÐ ¹ West, managed by the Taj Group. Strategy: Trent has primarily focused on garments and accessories. It has decided to build in-store brands rather than stock established brands. This would be beneficial for the company over long term, as margins earned on own brands will be higher. Customer Policy: Trent has positioned its products in the value for money segment by offering premium quality products at affordable prices. The company proposes to start 12 stores all over the country in the next 2 years. The companys business can be categorized into two divisions, namely, Apparels division and other products division. During FY 2000 the companys apparels division contributed 98% of the total sales of Rs336mn. (of the total turnover of Rs495mn Rs336 came from sales of goods and rest form income from current investments) rest 2% came from other products division. During the year FY00 the company sold 1.23mn units of apparels at an average realization of Rs267 per unit. The realizations increased by 26% over that of previous year. During the year of the total sales 85.4% were finished goods purchases and rest was in-house manufacturing.

Moment Generating Functions of Random Variables

Moment Generating Functions of Random Variables One way to calculate the mean and variance of a probability distribution is to find the expected values of the random variables X and X2. We use the notation E(X) and E(X2) to denote these expected values. In general, it is difficult to calculate E(X) and E(X2) directly. To get around this difficulty, we use some more advanced mathematical theory and calculus. The end result is something that makes our calculations easier. The strategy for this problem is to define a new function, of a new variable t that is called the moment generating function. This function allows us to calculate moments by simply taking derivatives. Assumptions Before we define the moment generating function, we begin by setting the stage with notation and definitions. We let X be a discrete random variable. This random variable has the probability mass function f(x). The sample space that we are working with will be denoted by S. Rather than calculating the expected value of X, we want to calculate the expected value of an exponential function related to X. If there is a positive real number r such that E(etX) exists and is finite for all t in the interval [-r, r], then we can define the moment generating function of X. Definition The moment generating function is the expected value of the exponential function above. In other words, we say that the moment generating function of X is given by: M(t) E(etX) This expected value is the formula ÃŽ £ etx f (x), where the summation is taken over all x in the sample space S. This can be a finite or infinite sum, depending upon the sample space being used. Properties The moment generating function has many features that connect to other topics in probability and mathematical statistics. Some of its most important features include: The coefficient of etb is the probability that X b.Moment generating functions possess a uniqueness property. If the moment generating functions for two random variables match one another, then the probability mass functions must be the same. In other words, the random variables describe the same probability distribution.Moment generating functions can be used to calculate moments of X. Calculating Moments The last item in the list above explains the name of moment generating functions and also their usefulness. Some advanced mathematics says that under the conditions that we laid out, the derivative of any order of the function M (t) exists for when t 0. Furthermore, in this case, we can change the order of summation and differentiation with respect to t to obtain the following formulas (all summations are over the values of x in the sample space S): M’(t) ÃŽ £ xetx f (x)M’’(t) ÃŽ £ x2etx f (x)M’’’(t) ÃŽ £ x3etx f (x)M(n)’(t) ÃŽ £ xnetx f (x) If we set t 0 in the above formulas, then the etx term becomes e0 1. Thus we obtain formulas for the moments of the random variable X: M’(0) E(X)M’’(0) E(X2)M’’’(0) E(X3)M(n)(0) E(Xn) This means that if the moment generating function exists for a particular random variable, then we can find its mean and its variance in terms of derivatives of the moment generating function. The mean is M’(0), and the variance is M’’(0) – [M’(0)]2. Summary In summary, we had to wade into some pretty high-powered mathematics, so some things were glossed over. Although we must use calculus for the above, in the end, our mathematical work is typically easier than by calculating the moments directly from the definition.

Religion and TV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion and TV - Essay Example Each of these theories, in turn, yields specific hypotheses for empirical tests. Informational Needs: A Theory of Social Influence Giddy and Pritchard (1985) applied the theory of "informational needs" (Harris and McCombs 1975) to help explain variation in viewing religious TV programming. They did not, however, point out that this theory has its roots in a theory of religious influence promulgated by White (1968). In particular, White's conceptualization of how individuals acquire religious values, broader moral orientations, and other attitudes with motivational consequences was focused on the interactional forces at work within specific communities and congregations. For Catholics, this approach would view members' attitudes and behaviors as grounded in a specific parish context. Such an approach would appear quite valuable for understanding patterns of exposure to religious media For example, it would not be surprising if parishioners communicated their religious orientations to one another during various parish-related activities, thus reinforcing even greater levels of interest in religious values and orientations. Such heightened interest might likely be expressed through greater consumption of Catholic religious programming, as parishioners attempted to gain more religious information and knowledge from these programs. Parishioners who were less integrated into parish activities and networks, and thus less exposed to the forms of interaction that would promote the growth of such "informational needs," would probably be less likely to view this type, or any type, of programming. Thus, it is our hypothesis that those individuals with a greater number of ties to a parish congregation, who interact more frequently with other members of the parish community, and who are more involved in parish life would be more likely to consume Catholic religious programming than other types of programming. Justifies offered to support financial assistance There are several additional questions, which cannot be explored with our data, also emerge. What is the actual content of the support of financial assistance primarily for spiritual growth and development, the increase in religious television programming, both locally and nationally, clearly make this an area of research to be pursued. In addition, the commitment of mainline religions to increase their presence on the television airwaves suggests that religious institutions have implicit theories about why home viewers attempt to participate in financial matters with a spirit. The viewers offering utilities against the contributions return Pentecostal. A principal theme of these programs is that "right thinking" must be wed with the charismatic gifts (charisma) of the early Church (for example, glossolalia, prophecy, and d vine heating). Glossolalia is often interpreted as evidence that an individual has received the fullness of the Spirit. Pentecostal spokespersons agree in their d istinctive doctrines, the Pentecostal experience, d vine healing and fundamentalism; however, in other matters there is wide diversity Neo-Pentecostal: These programs utilize spokespersons who practice the Pentecostal experience but who remain members of non-Pentecostal denominations. In these glossolalia is practiced but not regarded as more important than other charisma. Prosperity Preachers: Programs featuring Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal evangelists who, claiming revelational knowledge, propagate the idea that God has already guaranteed not only spiritual comfort and physical healing but also material prosperity. Believers are taught that they can have any and

EU Law and Legal Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Law and Legal Contract - Essay Example For member states of the EU, it is no longer the case that only national government can make laws within their territories. Britain joined the EU in 1973 when it was still European Economic Community (EEC). So until 1972 UK had complete parliamentary sovereignty" but as the UK's application to join the EU was accepted, Parliament passed the European Communities Act. This Act transferred some control over creation of laws to EU institutions. Primary sources of EU law are treaties. Treaties are agreements signed by the Heads of State of all the member states of the EU. They set out all the main principles and goals of the EU. So far as our law is concerned all treaties signed by our head of government become part of English law automatically. This is a result of the European Communities Act 1972. There are four main treaties of the European Union. The Treaty of Rome 1957 was when the EEC was created and trade barriers and custom duties were abolished. The Maastricht Treaty 1993 was when the EC became the EU and everybody holding a passport from one of the member states of the EU became a citizen of the EU. It also meant that that the European Parliament gained more powers. The Amsterdam Treaty 197 which meant there were more powers for the European Parliament and immigration laws were to be common between states, human rights provisions were also established. The Treaty of Nice 2001 meant that changes in the qualified majority voting system were agreed, a necessary preparation for a big increase in the number of member states. The idea that groups of countries will develop at different paces within the EU was agreed also. Citizens of the UK are entitled to rely on the rights in the Treaty of Rome and other treaties, even though those rights may not have been specifically enacted in English law. This is shown by the case of Macarthy's Ltd v Smith (1980). In this case Wendy Smith's employers paid her less than her male colleagues for exactly the same job. As the two people were not employed at the same time by the employer there was no breach of English domestic law. However, Wendy Smith was able to claim that the company which employed her was in breach of Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome over equal pay for men and women and this claim was confirmed by the European Court of Justice. Secondary sources of EU law are regulations, directives and decisions. What these different types of law have in common is that they are all laws aimed at putting the general principles set out in the treaties into practice. Unlike treaties, however, they do not require the signature of Heads of State. They are proposed by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. Directives are the main way in which harmonisation of laws within member states is reached. They are statements outlining the kind of national laws that member states are required to pass in order to meet the requirements of treaties. Directives are issued under Article 249 of the Treaty of Rome. Directives are more specific than treaties, which contain general principles. They direct member states to pass laws which meet certain criteria, though they lever it to

Video Game and Primary Online Games Essay Example for Free

Video Game and Primary Online Games Essay I.Computer gaming addiction INTRODUCTION Computer game addiction is a worrying aspect of the modern-day technologically able youth. Many children spend hours a day on computers, so much so that computers have become a primary source of entertainment for them , as well as a convenient baby-sitter for parents. Throughout this guide, the details of computer game addiction will be discussed, such as addiction signs, solutions to the problems and alternatives to computers for entertainment. Here are the Famous or most played online games. * 3 Primary Online Games: * World of Warcraft * Final Fantasy XI Online * EverQuest * These are called MMORPGs – Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games * MMORPGs never end, there isn’t a final goal state which you can achieve. You ultimately strive to be the best of the best within the game. II. Statement of the problem Computer Addiction is an ongoing problem for youths to adults everywhere. It involves the person spending time on the computer for hours more than necessary. The problem with Computer Addiction is that as more youths are logging onto the computer, they are spending more time online than doing another things. They become addicted to the computer, and use their time on the computer instead of doing other things, like spending time with the family or doing homework. This causes strange and irrational behaviour, turning these people into computer addicts 5 Question about Computer Gaming Addiction 1. What is the effect of being Computer Addicted? 2. How do people become addicted to Computer Games ? 3. Doe`s computer addiction affect our health? 4. What symptoms can you find in people who is addicted to online games? 5. How can we say that the people or person is already addicted to computer games ?

Progression Of Islamic Art Essay -- essays research papers

There exist three basic components of traditional Islamic art: calligraphy, geometric patterns, and floral and vegetal motifs. These three stylistic tools are beautifully rendered and masterfully integrated into complex works of art, but there is no question that artistic expression is severely limited under these categorizations. However, this limitation stems from Islamic theology and concept of art. The main reason for the limitation imposed on visual art is the Islamic theological prohibition of figural imagery. Social laws presented in the Hadith prevented the representation of figures because any imitation was deemed idolatrous. Also, art is considered to be decorative and imitative. Script and patterns are used to decorate objects, whether they be architectural structures, prayer rugs, ceramics, and books. The geometric objects naturally led to artistic patterning and repetition. Although the Islamic community prohibited figural imagery, the community’s rapid expansion during the centuries after its inception diluted the rigidity of traditional customs. Assimilated countries and cultures that practiced figural art before the Islamic armies came continued to do so. These assimilated artistic styles did utilize figural imagery, yet they still reflected the traditional artistic components of Islam. The introductory plaque at the entrance of the Islamic Art collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art states that Islamic art is characterized by ‘stasis,’ and that even assimilated foreign styles have â€Å"always retained its intrinsic quality and unique identity.† The beautifully rendered book miniatures of the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp illustrate this last point wonderfully. The Shahnama, translated as â€Å"The Book of Kings,† is an Iranian national epic penned by the poet Firdausi between 975-1010 AD. Centuries later, it became the custom for shahs to have their own personal copy of the Shahnama. This naturally transformed the quality of the book into measurement of status. The second shah of the Safavid dynasty, Tahmasp, was a great patron of the arts. Not only did he have his copy ornamented with gold, silver, rich colors, and exquisite calligraphy, he employed the most distinguished artists of the time to paint the two-hundred-and fifty-eight inked figural miniature paintings that accompany each page of text. Although all the miniatures are of similar style,... ...y man. Though the painting may imply universal plight, the depiction represents a particular moment in time. Although violent, the miniature presents the moment of apprehension, the moment before the impact of the sword and the resulting death through which one leaves the mortal realm for the divine. In fact, the uniform face heightens the tension of the painting, because the observer gets no sense of the warrior’s predictions of victory or defeat. The outcome is unknown to the warriors, even though symbolically Allah knows for the result is written above in the text. Even the observer of the work knows following his or her reading. The warrior’s ignorance only makes the fated defeat and death more tragic. The war ends in a Sufarai victory and the national honor of pre-Islamic Iran is restored. Interestingly, Islamic history has nothing to do with the content of the story, yet its influence is apparent in the Arabic text, geometric designs, floral motifs, and result ing implications. Though breaking the proscription of images, the â€Å"Sufarai Victory Over the Haital, as well as all the miniatures in Tahmasp’s Shahnama, retain the â€Å"intrinsic quality and unique identity† of Islamic art.

Theories On Types Of Learners Education Essay

IntroductionThe study aimed to size up and analyse the place of myself as a undergraduate, this undertaking has become a really good manner for myself to place and cognize my ain personality and preferable acquisition manners more better than earlier. I am able to cognize my personal strong and weaknesses through different type of trial I took. Those trial will propose some of the acquisition manner which suit me the most, and help me to derive a higher class on my survey life. Furthermore, this study aims to find my intrinsic personality type and my functions in a squad. In order to accomplish the above aims, trials like VARK Questionnaire, Myers-Briggs Personality Type, and Belbin Self Perception Team Role Profiles trial are able to find my personality type and my preferable learning manner. Every suggestion of the consequence of the trial will be addressed one time I answered all the inquiry. Besides that, remark from my household and friend was become a back uping grounds on the finding of my personality type and acquisition abilities. Based on the few trial I took and the remark of my household, I might be able to find where one stand today, and the truth of myself. Subsequently, I picked my future calling occupation based on the field I survey and ain involvement, making research to roll up more information which related with the occupation that I taken up, looking to the demand of the occupation and based on my skill-set to find myself whether that is a occupation which suit me.Section A: Who I am as a scholar1.VARK TrialVARK is designed to analyze a scholar larning manner, and it ‘s besides determined a personal manner of a scholar. VARK is a really utile trial for every scholar, and VARK was elucidated and formulated by Fleming ( 2002 ) , and is based on the bing nuero-linguistic theoretical account which formulated by Eicher ( 1987 ) . VARK trial was divided into 4 different types of classs. It was VISUAL, AURAL, READ/WRITE and KINESTHETIC. Each scholars might be non truly cognize their ain acquisition manner sometimes, hence most of scholars know their learning manner through VARK Test. The intent of VARK trial is to find scholar lar ning manner and the result is based on the BASIC of favourite larning manner of scholars. Fleming ( 2007 ) says that VARK able to help scholars in their acknowledgment of their acquisition manners they most like. Following is a brief definition of VARK ( Fleming,1992, p274 ) Ocular: Learners who preferred learn by seeing. For illustration, utilizing picture, posting, images during presentations or talks. Aural: Learners who preferences learn by hearing. For illustration, seminars or talks that do non supply any ocular AIDSs. Read/Write: Learners who preferences learn by treating text. For illustration, there are able to read a full pages of words, and compose out a brief drumhead. Kinesthetic: Learners who preference towards larning, practical and sharing experiences for larning intents. Examples, experiment, pattern, simulations, picture cartridge holder etc.Ocular11Aural11Read/Write8Kinesthetic11Figure 1.1 – My VARK Test MarkOn my VARK trial consequence, the trial has determined my single acquisition manners, and my ain position presents. The VARK Test depicted in the Appendix 1. Based on the consequence, I quite asynclitism on Visual, Aural and Kinesthetic, three of it is the highest mark in the trial, therefore VARK describes me as a multimodal scholar. The lowest mark is Read/write. I rather consent with the VARK consequence since I evaluate my survey life in Malaysia last twelvemonth. I have a penchant on lectors who used text books, PowerPoint slide, picture or talk notes which included diagram, graph or pie chart as their instruction stuffs. I found it easy to understand the talk through looking on those ocular AIDSs. Besides that, I quite easy focal point on the pictorials instead than reading a full pages of words of articles or notes which without image. Other than this, I ever had the wont of record the talks by utilizing MP3 Recorder in category and playback when I making alteration. Re-listening aid me to rectifying my notes and more clearer understanding about the talks. My strengths ever assisted me a batch in my survey life, I can understand the talks and absorb cognition faster than those pupils who prefer Read/Write. Based on the existent life experience of myself, when I study in INTI University College Malaysia, most of the lector is giving their talk by PowerPoint slides, so I tend to this learning manner. Additionally, I have inclination of making a presentation slide as notes after category everyday in order to guarantee that I do non lose out any point, clearer apprehension of the surveies lectures. I preferred listening music while doing up notes or do exercisings at the same time. My strength ever help me a batch in my survey life. That is the ground why my visual, aural and kinaesthetic is the highest mark in the VARK trial evidently, hence, I have to use my strengths sagely from now on until the terminal of my life. Apart of this, the VARK trial consequence proved that my failings in Read/ Write facet evidently, Fleming ( 2008 ) illustrate that turning words into ocular is another manner to better the failing of Read/Write. It means that I must set more attempt to better my Read/Write accomplishment and do it equal with the other 3 facets. I found it hard to understand those talks notes, larning stuff or text edition which merely screen by words, it was endure me ever, and I feel sleepy easy if I faced it quite a long period. In add-on, my failing be conspicuous when I go toing my seminar category. I have to better my Read/Write accomplishment from now on instantly in order to do certain that is non a trouble when I out to work in the hereafter.2. MBTI TestMBTI stands for Myers Briggs Type Indicator trial, it ‘s a trial based on Jung ‘s Theory of Personality Types. Paula A. & A ; Martin. F ( 2009 ) defines that â€Å" The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) is a widely used personality stock list, or trial, employed in vocational, educational, and psychotherapy scenes to measure personality type in striplings and grownups age 14 and older † . ESTJ and INFP was carried out the different significance. extroversion ( E ) or invagination ( I ) feeling ( S ) or intuition ( N ) thought ( T ) or experiencing ( F ) judgment ( J ) or comprehending ( P ) MBTI trial be able to find the type of the scholars based on the reply of the respondents in the MBTI questionnaire. Charles R. Martin ( 1997 ) defines people who extraversion incline involve in event, outer universe, take portion in a batch of activities, work or play in groups, and like to do friends. while invagination defines a individual who is more inclined towards ain thought, sentiment, reaction etc. This type of people they more preferable making things with little group of people who they feel comfy or entirely. They are wholly different features if comparison with Extraversion. Molly ( 2008 ) defines that people who sensors incline to information they received from what they received and they will state the facts without any reading. Peoples who intuitive more slope to reading, inventive or â€Å" 6th sense † instead than merely state the facts. MyPersonality ( 2007 ) defines believing people are able to do their determination based on what they seen and they non like to believe or judge something ‘s may non based on logic. On the other custodies, experiencing people make their determination based on their feeling, they decides with bosom alternatively of facts. MyPersonality ( 2007 ) defines that people who judging they usually good at completing, they like to be aftering their things and responsible ever and command in events of a person. Besides that, people who comprehending they more preferable outward displayed. They are flexible and adaptable and they non good in organized. ISTJ 53 % ISFJ 67 % INFJ 50 % INTJ 36 % ISTP 42 %ISFP74 %INFP 66 % INTP 34 % ESTP 58 % ESFP 72 % ENFP 55 % ENTP 41 % ESTJ 42 %ESFJ74 %ENFJ 66 % ENTJ 34 %Figure 1.2: My MBTI ScoresDeduction of MBTI TestFollowing, On my Myer Briggs Type Indicator trial mark, the trial has determined my single personality types and besides prove that I have two different personality type, it was ISFP and ESFJ, it was carried out 74 % each. The existent tabular array mark depicted on ( APPENDIX 2 ) . Team Technology ( 1995 ) describes the features of ESFJ individual are does non wish to populate entirely, they more prefer unrecorded within a group. Besides that, ESFJ type individual good in organized, societal, but they have an antipathy to unusual people or environment. This type of people is a good leader in a squad, they are eligible to actuate their member, stimulate squad spirit in order to construct harmoniousness, and form life on a personal footing. Additionally ISFP type is described by Team Technology ( 1995 ) individual usually more inclined to introspective feeling, they easy experience Moody, acquire hurt and dislike alteration. They express their energy towards the interior universe of ideas and emotions. other than this, ISFP individual prone to confusion, they are easy disturbed by other remark or judgement. The chiefly different between from ISFP and ESFJ Harmonizing to C.G.Jung ‘s Theory ( 1977 ) the first two missive in the type codification is the most of import, it ‘s called â€Å" dominant map † . For ESFJ, my dominant map is experiencing, it was more incline to Extraverted Feeling. I rather agree on the trial consequence, in my existent life, I ‘m precisely a individual who extrovert. I like to do friends, take portion of out-of-door activities to regulate the outer universe. I have an antipathy to conceal my look, I preferred express or voice out directly off. For case, I like to work with a group of people, since we can portion the different point of position and values, and do more friends. moreover, I tend to see other experiencing more than my ain, I seek to construct resonance with people, and constructing a strong relationship with people around me, therefore I turn into an of import function of audience in my pack of friends, they like to chew the fat with me. On the others custodies, I like to see something ‘s new, I prefer used my life clip to see different types of life manner or new environment that I ne'er had before, therefore I can accommodate into the new life or new environment to the full in a short times ever. On the another manner unit of ammunition, I ever makes a concluding determination based on my ain basic personal values without interrupt by others. For ISFP, my dominant map is Introverted Feeling, i.e. oriented towards the interior universe. ISFP and ESFJ was happen on me at the same times, nevertheless, harmonizing to the consequence of MBTI trial, I might be non ever extraverted. Review my life, I am a individual who introverted before, I non truly good in build harmoniousness in the universe around me, or encouragement others. For illustration, when I working in a group last clip, I non like to depute my work to others, I prefer done it by myself due to i deficiency of assurance of others or alien, at the terminal, it ‘s conveying a batch of struggle between me and my group mates. However, my extremely assurance and introvert personality spoiled my friend web last clip, hence, I learn to be more Extrovert by spend a batch of times. ESFJ and ISFP non merely differ in Extraversion/Introversion, they besides differ in judgement / perceptual experience. For illustration, if I wish to be after my end, do my life go more stable and good organized, I will differ into judging. While, if I prefer to keep my life flexibleness, I will differ into perceptual experience. ESFJ and ISFP possibly occur at the same times, but it is more depend on the environment or the state of affairs. It ‘s besides called natural disposition by Team Technology ( 1995 ) .3.BELBIN TrialDR Meredith Belbin ( 2003 ) defines a squad function as â€Å" A inclination to act, contribute and interrelate with others in a peculiar manner † . Scribd ( 2009 ) Belbin described the behaviour of a member, how their relationship with others among a squad. The accomplishments developed by Belbin team-role theory allow an single good understanding about their ain strong and failings, and how they conveyed their accomplishment into their occupation o r a group. Belbin separate into nine Team Roles or bunch of behaviour. It was Plant, Resource Investigator, Co-ordinator, Shaper, Monitor Evaluator, Teamworker, Implementer, Completer Finisher and Specialist. Many of the director or employee was taking portion in this questionnaire to detect their ain Team Role penchants, and go a successful leader of a squads. Every of the squad functions can be adopted by different sort of people, it depend on their ain personality types. Application of Test I have been finish the BELBIN trial and the consequence of the trial ( refer Appendix 3 ) has determined and interpreted the assorted facets of my behaviour, harmonizing to the consequence of the trial, I ‘m suit to a occupation which I can utilize my abiding nature or habit covering with everyday responsibilities. The BELBIN trial was showed that I ‘m a individual who extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative, explores chances and develop contacts. Based on my personal experience and MBTI trial, it was a consequence which unswerving and precise. On my old portion clip occupation, I capable to get the better of obstructions with my household or my staff member. Since I ‘m a individual who extrovert and like to societal or research new chances, hence, I know a batch of friends, and develop a high repute among my friends and co-worker, they assist me no affair what job I faced. that is one of the grounds to turn out that I ‘m gave a good feeling to my friends for c ertain. I expand the circle of my life triumphant. The study of the trial besides indicated my failings i.e. may be uncomfortable when holding to cover with force per unit area, uninterested in covering with everyday responsibilities. I was agreed on this, I like to research chances and experience something ‘s new, I detestation making the same things invariably. Once I work under a group, I by and large cooperation with others and supply some utile thought to my group mates. In add-on, deficiency of patiently convey me into suffer one time I working under force per unit area, I ca n't work out my job if force per unit area has come to me. Sometimes, even though the undertaking is easy, one time I gave myself excessively much of force per unit area, I may non execute good or complete it on times, and accordingly it act upon my spirit and besides affect the public presentation on the undermentioned undertaking. If I ca n't let go of my emphasis or work out the job, a feeling of abandonment develops in my bosom accidentally. The BELBIN study besides suggests that I treat anything new as a challenge, therefore leting me to released the emphasis that over sometimes, and they was promote me must larn to pull off my ain calling and self-development in a good thought out manner, and should look towards person who harmony, so merely my ain public presentation is likely to better. Drumhead Harmonizing to the consequence of the three trials I taken, it was proved that I am a multimodal scholar. I must use my strengths astutely and better my failings, so that I can heightening my ain personality and accomplishing an better result than old. The overall three trials, I know my-self better than few old ages ago, and I get ready to get the better of every obstructions that I face, and do non reluctance to make something ‘s may non accommodate my features.4.Comment From My Family or FriendsI received some of the remark from my siblings sentiment on me, harmonizing to their sentiment, it ‘s non truly closed with the result of the trials. It was non surprised me because during semester interruption or vacation, I prefer remaining at place for playing computing machine games or watching play in my room whole twenty-four hours long. due to the hapless communicating between me and my siblings or parents, I ever keep quiet when taking dinner with them or household years s. Furthermore, I born from a household that concern traditional right and subjects, therefore, I remain quiet in order to avoid speaking something incorrect. From twelvemonth to twelvemonth, I non much interact with my household members, hence, this leads them to misconstruing about my personality and disagreed on me being an extravert, which I truly felt that I am.Section A: Part 2: Deduction for calling pickLifelong acquisitionLifelong acquisition is a really critical portion in our life, with cognition, we are able to happen a good occupation, and stronger our place in the present competition state or occupation market. Besides that, cognition can construct up a positive mode and attitude to everyone. Therefore, we know how to take attention of each other ‘s or construct a good relationship with them. Alongside, the figure of grade graduated per twelvemonth was increasing quickly, that is the ground why the present occupation market is so competitory presents, and many com pany or organisation are traveling to use employees who keeping First category or Second category grade certification, while, we know that cognition was moving a really of import function for everyone and it ‘s basically applicable to everyone in the universe today. I need to use my cognition smartly in my life, and besides need to heighten my cognition base every bit much as I can. Knowles ( 1981 ) defined that acquisition is a womb-to-tomb procedure, it can last until the twenty-four hours we left the universe, we supposed to pass our leisure clip to deriving more cognition is better than merely remaining place for kiping or woolgathering. I am wholly agree with this account. Different stage of life was carry out a different womb-to-tomb acquisition manner, before we learn, we must clearly understand how of import of womb-to-tomb acquisition, how it actuate us and how it alter our subject. Besides that, Robotham ( 1995, cites at thorson,2005, p78 ) suggested that homo should preparatory to larn in their initial phase ; hence, we have to guarantee the instruction manner was suit to the stage of homo. For illustration, kids may non accept the instruction manners of grownups. In other manner, we have to put the mission or vision for ourselves, therefore we merely able to heighten our larning motive. We ca n't populate under a environment without larning or motive. Harmonizing to the consequence of Myer Briggs and BELBIN trial, I able to judge myself is a womb-to-tomb scholar since I am a individual who like to research chances and extravert ever. I plan to take maestro classs after finishing my degree plan, and enter into banking industry. Bank will offer a batch of developing class to their staff, hence, I plan to go a banker due to this ground, and I am able to update myself ever without knock out by the new coevals. Alongside, it is a best opportunity which let me to derive more cognition and better my communicating accomplishments among people. Wlodkowski ( 1999, cited at Klingensmith, 2006 ) states that â€Å" high degree of motive to larn for the grownups produces the higher acquisition consequences, the public presentation achieved † Lifelong acquisition is one of the best manner for me to heighten myself and develop good in my calling. Everyone has different larning manner or different manner to get cognition, therefore we must take a right manner of larning which suit us the most. Besides that, I will get cognition through many different sort of manner i.e. I will seek to do more friends from different civilization or different states, so that we can larn each other civilization and values. My read/write facet is non good plenty, so I have to better my read/write accomplishments and use my reading/writing accomplishments to understand what I read across assorted texts. Following, I do non excessively rely on those cognition or information that I had, I try to be unfastened minded and accept the new information. Group treatment is the other best manner for me to larning and get cognition, I sharing sentiment with my group mates, this is the manner for me to accept others sentiments and advice and besides help me in constructing up my cognition and trust between each others. I learned to copy the positive attitude or behaviour that I every had from others. Harmonizing to the Myer-Briggs trial, I more incline to Extrovert, I take the advantages on it and convey it into my womb-to-tomb acquisition, and seek to construct myself go a autonomous scholar. I plan to do more friend who older than me, therefore, I can derive more things and existent experience from them. For illustration, I observe how a director or a leader perform in a company, how they lead a squad become successful. A company screen by a batch of different types personality people, I use the opportunity to do more different personality type of friends and assisting those people who introverts since I am a individual who introverts earlier. In order to do certain the work can running under a harmoniousness environment, I learn to accept people sentiment, and constructing up the good relationship with everyone around me.Movable Sk illsIn order to do certain I can to the full accommodate into my future calling occupation, I would wish to heighten all my accomplishments invariably, hence I can force my-self to the soap and accomplish the best public presentation in the occupation. How to go a successful bank director in banking industry? In order to managing the occupation efficaciously, communicating accomplishments, leading accomplishments and composing accomplishments. Those accomplishments was playing a really of import function from clip to clip. Banking industry is one of the biggest industry in the universe today. Many of the international bank like HSBC Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, CITIBANK, Barclays Bank, they have a immense figure of client from different states. So the accomplishments of authorship, computing machine accomplishments, and Foreign linguistic communication is really of import. We are traveling to except by the industry if we do non hold the sufficient accomplishments. Furthermore, as a bank director may confront a plentifulness clients every twenty-four hours, hence, I must be better my communicating accomplishments, so that I find it easy while communicate with client or people from different states. I know a different sort of linguistic communications such as Citrus reticulata, Cantonese, Malay, English, Nipponese etc, hence, I am able to pass on with different type of clients, and do more friends. Additionally, communicating accomplishments was of import for certain, hence, I besides need to better my authorship accomplishment, interpersonal accomplishments, and so-on. Harmonizing to the trial I took, I have good sociableness accomplishments, high motivate accomplishment and leading accomplishment. It was average that I can construct a strong relationship with my client and co-worker. Once one become a Bank director, I will set a batch of attempt to go a successful banker director, and I want to distribute my cognition and my accomplishments to my staff and lead my squad go stronger and stronger. This station needs a really strong leading accomplishments, be aftering accomplishments, motive accomplishments, and communicating accomplishments, acquiring more concern from the clients, create a batch of new selling schemes to pull more client and maximise the net incomes of the bank. I will use my accomplishments, cognition, and experience sagely that I had in order to full adapt into the occupation place.Justify choose calling pickI will be after to prosecute my calling in International Banking industry after graduating with a grade in Business with international direction at Northumbria University. My occupation is needed a batch of accomplishments and cognition, so womb-to-tomb larning automatically go a really of import portion in my life, I ca n't even halt it, because I need the updated knowledge/information and latest accomplishments to managing my future occupation efficaciously. I pick two occupation advertizement ( see APENDIX 4 ) . The occupation advertizement that I found was clearly states the minimal demand, the item information of the occupation and where is the location of the occupation. In the advertizement, the Team gross revenues director must be possess at least a Bachelor ‘s Degree. Besides, the campaigner should be hold gross revenues experience in retail industry before. The campaigner are required to hold good communicating, motivation, taking and selling accomplishments. Additionally, the campaigner are required to Develop and keep a good web of concern contact and besides guarantee the gross revenues mark are met ever. On the other custodies, the advertizement states that the campaigner must hold the ability to take, motivate, and coach a gross revenues squad. The applicant must be flexible to be shifted countrywide, work in a group, therefore, good communicating accomplishments and taking accomplishments was become the compulsory needs within this occupation. The bank director are encourage to hold good harmonisation because bank director is the who traveling to go to meeting with different section largely. Standard Chartered Bank has provided preparation classs and banking operations oversea short classs to candidate for understanding more item about the merchandise of the SCB, and the regulations and ordinance, so that the director are encouraged to be flexible. In order to pull more client and take the squad become successful, the director are required being to extrovert ever. The squad sale director hopefully able to working under force per unit area, since I ‘m a individual who extrovert, sociableness, hence, I believed I will suit good to this place and able to use my strengths in this occupation. Additionally, BELBIN trial consequence shows that I am a resource research worker, who loves to research chances and develop contacts. Therefore, I can carry through most of the demand as stated by the occupation description in the occupation advertizement.DecisionFinally, after I being done the three trials, I know my personality, my accomplishments, and my learning manner, and besides learned how to better my failings. since I plan my calling and life, I must be put a batch of attempt to do my dream come true, and besides maintain the attitude of womb-to-tomb larning until terminal of my life or directing the of import message about the of import of womb-to-tomb acquisition to my future household members.